DropShip

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Union-class DropShip cutaway

A DropShip is defined as a type of spaceship massing between 200 and 100,000 tons that is itself incapable of faster-than-light (FTL) travel. They essentially conduct all other aspects of space travel, including transit between planets and jump points and planetary landings. For FTL interstellar movement, they dock with JumpShips by means of a docking collar.

DropShips are the workhorse of interplanetary space travel. It is the DropShips (and occasionally their smaller cousins, the Small Craft) that move cargo and passengers between planetary surfaces, orbits, space stations and jump points. While transport is their primary role, some have been built for special purposes and act as tugs, rescue ships, fighter carriers or even designated combat DropShips. Accordingly, a wide and diverse variety of DropShip types exist.

Even though many DropShips serve as military spaceships, naval terms such as "Corvette": "Destroyer": "Cruiser" etc. are never applied to them; these are exclusively used for true WarShips, i.e. the huge Combat JumpShips that outclass DropShips by an order of magnitude (typically massing several hundred thousand or even millions of tons).

History[edit]

The term "DropShip" was first used in the twenty-second century to describe the cargo-carrying shuttles then in use to ferry cargo and passengers between the JumpShips of that era. It was not until the twenty-fifth century when "DropShip" became the official designation for a type of ship more sophisticated than the earlier shuttles. Instead of being carried within the hull of a JumpShip, these vessels were now attached on the outside and would "drop" away once it had arrived. By the thirty-first century, there were over 250 DropShip designs on record, though only approximately 100 were still in service, with twenty of those constituting the majority of DropShips in existence.[1][2][3]

Construction[edit]

While DropShips come in a variety of shapes and sizes, the heart of every DropShip is its engineering section, which is comprised of two systems: a power plant and an engine. The fusion engine works by expelling plasma through shielded exhaust nozzles to create thrust. All DropShips have a main exhaust nozzle to propel the ship forward at a steady acceleration. The most advanced also have numerous plasma exhaust nozzles dotting their hulls to control steering, but such devices are fragile and expensive, leaving many DropShips equipped with hardier but less efficient chemical rockets to fulfill this role. The plasma exhaust is created as a by-product of nuclear fusion and requires a constant supply of fuel in the form of liquid H2, which is carried aboard in large storage tanks and fed to the drive by one of two systems. The one found on all DropShips is a heat-expansion system where the H2 is fed into a heated chamber; here the high temperature causes it to expand, with the resulting pressure forcing it into the engine core. Military DropShips will also have a series of high-speed pumps which can supply a constant stream of fuel for the engine, allowing for rapid changes in thrust. Unlike the engine core, the fusion plant which provides power for the DropShip is a closed system, reprocessing its own by-products and requiring little additional fuel. It can however tap into the same H2 storage tanks used by the engines when needed.[1][2][3]

Each DropShip also has a control room, typically known as the bridge, which vary in size in accordance with each design. At minimum there will be stations for a pilot, navigator, communications officer, and weapons/computer officer. Larger vessels will have more than one station for each position or additional stations for specialists such as docking officer, security officer and ship captain. Their primary task is to monitor the main computer as it performs each task and provide manual backup in case the main computer fails; backup computers can allow each station to operate most of the ship's systems if necessary. This includes controlling life support and hatch access in other areas of the ship, a necessary function in the event of accidental hull breach or enemy boarders. As such the bridge is designed to be isolated from the rest of the vessel, and both military and even some civilian DropShips will take the extra precaution of positioning marines to guard the bridge and other sensitive areas of the DropShip.[1][2][3]

Most DropShips are equipped with weapons organized into weapon bays. Each bay will any combination of missile, energy or projectile weaponry, along with the necessary ammunition feeds, cooling systems, and radar/laser targeting systems. Aiming and firing each weapon bay is determined by the ship's fire-control computer, which is linked to the main computer and radar array, allowing the DropShip to engage targets hundreds of kilometers away while traveling at thousands of kilometers per hour. In the event the main fire-control computer shuts down, each weapon bay is on a local circuit control with an adjacent gunnery station where human gunners can take control.[1][2][3]

The primary function for nearly all DropShips is to carry cargo of one sort or other. These Cargo Bays can occupy up to three-fourths of a DropShip's interior, and a DropShip may contain multiple different types of bays depending on its mission.[1][2][3]

DropShip Category[edit]

DropShips are based around two basic hull forms, aerodyne and spheroid. Depending on their intended role, DropShips can be constructed following either of these two alternative approaches.

Although all DropShips are either of the spheroid or the aerodyne subtype, there is arguably a third one: ships which are limited to operating in deep space for one reason or another and would be destroyed when attempting to enter an atmosphere or land on a planet, rendering the differences between aerodyne and spheroid designs irrelevant to them. Examples include the superlarge Behemoth class cargo hauler, which is a spheroid design but has insufficient acceleration for planetary operations and is too large and fragile to operate in gravity, and the nominally aerodyne Achilles and Vengeance-class military DropShips which were never designed for atmospheric operations.

Aerodyne DropShips[edit]

Aerodyne DropShips are shaped roughly similar to conventional aircraft, using their aerodynamic hull shape to generate lift within an atmosphere. This makes these DropShips ideally suited for atmospheric operations, at the expense of being more expensive and harder to produce than spheroid ships and with more restrictive size requirements. Many aerodynes also require runways to land and take off, limiting where they can operate. To facilitate atmospheric and deep space travel, most aerodynes are equipped with two sets of exhaust nozzles, one on the bottom and one on the rear. Aerodynes will use their bottom thrusters and transit drive during space operations, then switch over to after thrusters and maneuver drive when in an atmosphere. While taking up additional space, this alleviates the issue of internal orientation by allowing the vessel's nose and rear to remain "forward" and "aft" at all times.[1][2][3]

Spheroid DropShips[edit]

Spheroid DropShips are so named for their rounded hulls, making them easier and cheaper to construct. Their simple design also makes them sturdier and allows them to be built much larger than aerodyne DropShips, with the largest spheroid outmassing the largest aerodyne many times over. Spheroid DropShips have a single engine drive positioned on the ship's bottom which is used to vertically descend onto a planetary surface and take off in the same way. This allows spheroid DropShips to operate independent from runways or even spaceports, making them ideal for exploring unknown planets and giving them a tactical advantage in military operations. However, their simple and versatile landing and takeoff pattern requires more fuel and can cause significant damage to the ground. They also cannot travel through the atmosphere as quickly as aerodyne vessels and their method of flight is more unstable, making them less practical for atmospheric combat. A complex system of thrusters positioned around the hull and controlled by the main computer helps make atmospheric flight and landing possible, but if these systems are damaged a spheroid DropShip can easily lose control and crash.[1][2][4][3][5]

Classification of DropShips[edit]

In addition to their type, the majority of DropShips can be classified into six main classifications based around the mission profiles for which they were originally designed: assault ships, BattleMech carriers, cargo carriers, fighter carriers, troop carriers, and passenger liners.[1][2][3]

  • Assault - This primarily military DropShip is designed for maximum firepower. Typically used for anti-aerospace fighter and anti-DropShip operations, they can be used for ground assault purposes, though this is rare. Some models of assault ships carry anti-WarShip weaponry and are referred to as Pocket WarShips; this type of DropShip is also known to carry limited quantities of BattleMechs, battle armor, marines, and aerospace fighters, usually just enough to provide "point-blank" defense.
    • Pocket WarShip - A military DropShip type based on the assault DropShips. These ships are designed to carry Capital Missiles and sometimes Sub-Capital Weaponry. Most are typically heavily armed with standard BattleMech-scale weaponry. Early versions of this ship type were known as Q-Ships. Following the Jihad, with so many nations' shipyards damaged or destroyed, many factions turned to these as the backbone of their navies.
  • Fighter Carrier or Aerospace Carrier - Designed for carrying/supporting aerospace fighter craft operations. Though other DropShips are referred to as 'Mech carriers, troop carriers, etc., a ship described as a "carrier" is understood to be a fighter carrier. These ships typically have CV (for Carrier Vessel) appended to their name, as in Leopard CV.
  • Cargo Ship - Typically civilian model of ship, used for hauling bulk cargo. Some ships are fitted to transport liquids and are usually referred to as Liquid Carriers.
  • 'Mech Carriers - Military type of DropShip, principally designed to carry BattleMechs into combat. They are generally modestly armed.
  • Troop Transport - Typical infantry-carrying DropShip, which may have the capability of moving various-sized vehicles. They are normally modestly armed craft.
  • Q-Ship - Military conversion of a civilian vessel, typically cargo ships. First introduced by the Star League Defense Forces prior to the Star League Civil War.
  • Passenger Liner - Civilian DropShip design for passenger service. Normally, these ships are lightly or never armed. Rarely these ships are used as Troop Transport for infantry.

In the Dark Age Era, Clan Jade Falcon created VaultShips, but technically that is arguably a role and not a distinct class.

DropShip Operations[edit]

Once a DropShip has arrived at a system's jump point and detached from its JumpShip, it can begin the long journey to its destination point within the system. This depends on the star system in question, where the DropShip is trying to travel to, and how fast the ship accelerates during the course of its journey. Thanks to their powerful fusion engines and fuel reserves, DropShips can travel interplanetary distances by constantly accelerating towards their destination then, at the midway point, flipping around and using their engines to decelerate at the same rate. Assuming the distance between the start and end point are known, this can be calculated with T = 2√(D/A), where T equals time in hours, D is distance in kilometers from the starting point to midway point, and A is acceleration in kilometers per hour per hour. In most cases it would take several days or more for a DropShip to travel between a jump point and a planet in-system. During this time the DropShip will be burning fuel to maintain its constant acceleration and deceleration and any maneuvering it must undertake. The most common way of expressing this is by burn-day, which is the amount of fuel burned by accelerating at 1 G for one day.[6]

When landing or lifting off from a planet, DropShips can do so vertically if spheroid or horizontally if aerodyne; aerodynes may also land horizontally if the planet lacks an atmosphere. Vertical landings and takeoffs are more versatile as they require only as much space as to fit the DropShip, but are more difficult as a DropShip at low velocity is more unstable, burns more fuel and causes ground damage. Horizontal landings and takeoffs require a runway of at least 600 meters, though experience pilots can land on shorter stretches using their bottom thrusters. Once grounded, cargo is typically offloaded or loaded by DropShip crew members, usually wearing Exoskeletons to make the job go quicker, though some military units will use their 'Mechs to help speed up the process.[7]

During combat operations, military DropShips that land to disembark their cargo will typically do so well away from the front lines as a means of preserving them, both for their incredible expense and for their ability to withdraw troops from a losing engagement. In instances where troops must be landed closer to an enemy force, or where a DropShip cannot land due to hazardous terrain, it may instead carry out a Combat Drop. In a combat drop, BattleMechs and battle armored troopers will exit the DropShip while at high altitude or in orbit. These units use their integral jump jets or disposable jet packs to control their descent and safely land, but even among well-trained forces a combat drop is a hazardous endeavor. For orbital combat drops, a special Drop Cocoon is used which protects the unit during atmospheric reentry then falls away.[8][9] A variation on this tactic is known as the Hover-Drop Maneuver.

Maintaining a DropShip is a constant endeavor, not least because many will be decades if not centuries old. Reducing wear and tear by avoiding atmospheric operations or active maneuvering can help, but nothing short of mothballing it will help preserve a DropShip that doesn't have a well-trained crew to look after it. Even for the smaller DropShips, the weekly maintenance needed to keep the vessel running can cost hundreds of C-bills, never mind repairing and replacing components or armor due to battle damage. Having a well-oiled crew is also important for a DropShip, though on most civilian vessels only the senior crew will sign on with a permanent contract, with the rest signing on for a limited time span. For security reasons, a military DropShip's crew will all be permanent members who have gone through extensive screening. Crew wages vary by vessel and era, but in the middle of the thirty-first century the average DropShip pilot earned 550 C-bills a month at minimum, while an engineer earned 450 C-bills.[10]

Manufacturing[edit]

The smallest known spaceship to meet the DropShip criteria is arguably the 200-ton K-1 DropShuttle, although it is generally classified as a Small Craft instead. The largest DropShip ever constructed is the 100,000-ton Behemoth, which due to its sheer size is incapable of entering gravity wells stronger than 0.6 g. The biggest DropShip that can actually enter the atmosphere in standard gravity is the 52,000-ton Mammoth.

The most common military BattleMech transport classes are the Leopard (one lance: 4 'Mechs, 2 fighters), the Union (one company: 12 'Mechs, 2 fighters), and the much rarer Overlord (one battalion: 36 'Mechs, 6 fighters); the most common aerospace fighter carrier is the Leopard CV class (one squadron: 6 fighters).

Known DropShip classes include (sorted alphabetically):

Name Weight Year Usage Shape Notes
Achilles 4,500 2582 military aerodyne Designated assault ship geared for space combat; incapable of atmospheric operations.
Aqueduct 45,000 2638 civilian spheroid Liquid cargo transport; largest ever built until the Behemoth, subsequently surpassed again by the Mammoth.
Argo 97,000 2762 civilian spheroid Peacetime exploration ship; cannot land.
Arondight 12,000 3075 military spheroid Designed by the Federated Suns as low-cost mass production Pocket WarShip.
Arcadia 3,000 3066 military aerodyne First exclusive ProtoMech carrier (15 ProtoMechs), small and agile.
Assault Triumph 8,000 3062 military aerodyne Assault transport (the original version was configured carry 6 'Mechs, 6 Fighters, 24 heavy vehicles, 6 battle armor squads) developed from the older Triumph class.
Aurora 1,600 3069 military aerodyne Typically a 'Mech carrier (4 'Mechs), but highly adaptable for a variety of roles.
Avenger 1,400 2816 military aerodyne Designated assault craft and heavy aerospace support.
Behemoth 100,000 2782 civilian spheroid Cargo carrier. Bays for 20 Small Craft.
Buccaneer 3,500 2708 civilian aerodyne Conceived as a (failed) military transport, but proved successful as a civilian cargo carrier.
Broadsword 1,850 2979 military aerodyne BattleMech transport (5 'Mechs). Designed to replace the Leopard class among the Clans.
Cargoking 12,500 2789 civilian spheroid An advanced fully automated, self-loading civilian cargo carrier developed at the end of the Star League, almost identical to Cargomaster class. After a series of lost prototypes, the design was canceled.
Cargomaster 12,500 2790 military spheroid An advanced fully automated, self-loading military cargo carrier developed at the end of the Star League, it had slightly better fuel reserves but was otherwise identical to the Cargoking class. However due to manufacturing cost, only one prototype was built and was later dismantled.[11]
Carrier 5,000 2882 military aerodyne Clan built heavily armed fighter carrier (10 Fighters).
Claymore 1,400 3054 military aerodyne Designated assault craft.
Cockatrice 800 3062 military spheroid A Word of Blake drone monitor platform based on the K-1 DropShuttle.
Colossus 20,000 2718 military spheroid Designed to move an entire combined arms regiment (36 'Mechs, 72 vehicles, 12 platoons).
Condor 4,500 2801 military aerodyne Troop transport (20 light vehicles, 12 platoons).
Confederate 1,860 2602 military spheroid Star League era 'Mech transport (Four 'Mechs, Two Fighters). Clans have refitted the DropShip to carry five 'Mechs.
Conquistador 17,400 3063 military aerodyne Combined assault transport and command ship (24 'Mechs, 18 Fighters, 12 heavy vehicles, 16 platoons, 20 battle armor squads). Extensive command facilities. Highly automated, requires only skeleton crew. Bays and quarters can be converted into a field hospital when empty.
Czar 6,400 2462 military/civilian spheroid Early Infantry transport (Four Infantry Battalions). Obsolete by the thirty-first century, the ship carried two Cargo bays of 1,900 tons for it's troops with a Small Craft Bay. Built with Primitive technology, the ship would fade away used as civilian transport it's final years of service.
Danais 3,200 2728 civilian spheroid Unarmed cargo ship based on the slightly larger Union class. A popular and numerous class, being one of the few DropShip types that the Star League allowed subjugated periphery states to build themselves. The armed and upgraded blockade runner version introduced by the Taurian Concordat is known as the Trojan.
Dictator 9,000 2600 military spheroid Star League era 'Mech carrier (36 'Mechs), eventually replaced by the superior Overlord class.
DroST IIa 5,300 2445 military aerodyne Among the earliest purpose-built military designs. Used by the Terran Hegemony, the design was used ferry infantry, vehicles and some variants as Fighter Carriers.
Excalibur 16,000 2786 military spheroid Combined arms transport (12 'Mechs, 90 heavy vehicles, 12 platoons).
Fortress 6,000 2613 military spheroid Heavily armed combined arms transport (12 'Mechs, 12 heavy vehicles, 3 platoons). Noteworthy for mounting a Long Tom heavy artillery piece; capable of securing its landing zone by itself.
Fury 1,850 2638 military aerodyne Common troop transport (8 light vehicles, 4 platoons).
Gazelle 1,903 2531 military aerodyne Common tank transport (15 heavy vehicles). An upgraded version was launched in 3055.
Gorgon 6,800 3096 military aerodyne Free Worlds League build Fighter Carrier (18 Fighters)
Hamilcar 3,575 3054 military aerodyne Specialized space assault transport (8 'Mechs, 4 Fighters).
Hannibal 4,850 3055 military aerodyne Heavily armed troop/tank transport (12 heavy vehicles, 4 platoons).
Hercules 7,200 3053 military spheroid Troop/tank transport (36 heavy vehicles, 12 platoons). Shares many components with Overlord class, making production and maintenance easier.
Interdictor 9,400 3074 military aerodyne The ship was noted for its high speed and multiple anti-WarShip armaments.
Intruder 3,000 2656 military spheroid Heavily armed assault transport (2 Fighters, 4 platoons).
Jumbo 14,800 2343 civilian spheroid Based on a Terran Hegemony design introduced in the early twenty-fifth century and the first bulk-cargo DropShips; eventually replaced as a class by the Mule.
K-1 DropShuttle 200 2536 civilian spheroid Passenger/cargo shuttle. Usually classed as a Small Craft, not a DropShip. Clan version known as K1-C is identical except for better armor and upgraded (though similar) weaponry.
Kuan Ti 2,200 3054 military aerodyne Designated patrol/assault craft.
League military spheroid Star League relic; no further details known.
Lee 17,000 2756 military spheroid SLDF BattleMech transport. Designed to carry a reinforced battalion (40 'Mechs, 6 Fighters).
Leopard 1,720 2537 military aerodyne Standard BattleMech transport (4 'Mechs, 2 Fighters) since Star League era. Affectionately referred to as the "Brick". 1,800 ton upgraded version launched in 3056.
Leopard CV 1,720 2581 military aerodyne Standard fighter carrier (6 Fighters) since Star League era. Looks decidedly different from the classic Leopard, having a round fuselage. 1,800 ton upgraded version launched in 3054.
Lion 7,215 2595 military spheroid Combined arms transport (8 'Mechs, a light vehicle company and possibly unspecified numbers of infantry). Predecessor of the Union class. Essentially extinct in the Inner Sphere; all Clan Lions were modified to carry 10 'Mechs and 10 regular infantry Stars.
Lung Wang 2,550 3055 military spheroid Heavily armed raider/transport (4 'Mechs, 2 Fighters, 1 platoon).
Mammoth 52,000 2808 civilian spheroid Cargo carrier. Largest DropShip capable of planetary operations.
Manatee 1,900 2449 military spheroid First 'Mech carrier ever (4 'Mechs), designed off a freighter design of the same name. Predecessor of the Confederate class. Flawed design, discontinued soon after introduction for inadequate armor and weapons.
Mercer 4,500 3065 military spheroid Heavily armed and armored assault transport (10 'Mechs).
Merlin 2,500 3063 military spheroid Assault DropShip (2 Fighters).
Mingo 5,000 2315 Civilian spheroid Cargo Transport. A Primitive Dropship/DropShuttle designed dock internally with Conestoga-class cargo JumpShip as part of colonization efforts of the Terran Alliance. It would fall out favor due to not having docking collar of a KF Boom to let it dock with modern/standard JumpShips.
Miraborg 9,750 3053 military spheroid Fighter carrier (30 Fighters). Originally named "Charybdis" during its design phase, the class was renamed in memory of Tyra Miraborg shortly before the launch of the first ship.
Model 96 Elephant 15,000 2652 military spheroid Star League predecessor to the Model 97 tug which was described as a refit of the Model 96 class.
Model 97 Octopus 15,000 3051 civilian spheroid Designated tug/rescue ship.
Monarch 5,000 2759 civilian aerodyne Standard passenger liner.
Mule 11,200 2737 civilian spheroid Common cargo carrier.
Nagumo 4,200 3056 military aerodyne Heavily armed troop transport (12 platoons).
Nekohono'o 16,000 3065 military spheroid Powerful assault DropShip (6 fighters, 9 small craft, 27 battle armor squads), also provided to Clan Nova Cat. Ship carries a limited quantity of teleoperated capital missiles.
Noruff 1,900 3056 military aerodyne Designated assault craft. Only one prototype known to exist by 3057.
Okinawa 4,500 3055 military spheroid Fighter carrier (18 Fighters).
Outpost 7,000 3063 military spheroid Combined arms transport (5 'Mechs, 4 Fighters, 10 tanks, 1 elemental Star) developed from venerable Fortress class.
Overlord 9,700 2762 military spheroid Common BattleMech transport (36 'Mechs, 6 Fighters).
Overlord-C 11,550 2818 military spheroid BattleMech transport (45 'Mechs). Clan redesign of the classic Overlord class.
Pentagon 4,000 2623 military spheroid Star League era DropShip class designed as "little more than large gun platforms" for WarShip escort.
Princess 11,800 2657 civilian spheroid The design was known for its luxurious amenities.
Rose 16,000 3054 military spheroid Heavily armed freighter with advanced avionics, designed to have an inconspicuous appearance. Can carry 1 platoon of infantry and 4 Small Craft.
Sassanid 3,000 2875 military spheroid Clan battle armor carrier (15 Elemental Points). Based off the Intruder design.
Saturn 1,200 2243 military spheroid Used by the Terran Alliance as colonial patrol ship. It is one oldest known DropShip designs used for military purposes.
Seeker 6,700 2815 military spheroid Troop transport (64 light vehicles, 4 platoons).
Seleucus 2,600 3100 military aerodyne Early thirty-second century troop/tank transport (20 battle armor squads & 12 light vehicles) utilized by the Free Worlds League.
Titan 12,000 2647 military aerodyne Heavily armed fighter carrier (18 Fighters). Extinct in the Inner Sphere powers, but still in use with the Clans.
Triumph 8,600 2593 military aerodyne Common troop/tank transport (45 heavy vehicles, 8 light vehicles, 4 platoons). Upgraded version launched in 3057.
Trojan 3,200 2720 civilian spheroid "Blockade runner" version of the ubiquitous unarmed Danais class merchant, introduced by the Taurian Concordat. Features 2 Small Craft bays and weapons which are typically concealed to appear like a common Danais class vessel.
Trutzburg 6,000 3112 military spheroid A combined arms transport ship, one few made in Lyran Commonwealth in the thirty-second century. (6 fighters, 12 BattleMechs, 4 battle armor Squads)
Union 3,500 2708 military spheroid Standard BattleMech transport (12 'Mechs, 2 Fighters). Iconic DropShip class.
Union-C 4,700 2829 military spheroid 'Mech transport (15 'Mechs). Clan redesign of the venerable Union class.
Vampire 400 2715 military aerodyne Tiny, superfast infantry transport from the Star League era. The design became extinct during the Succession Wars.
Vengeance 10,000 2682 military aerodyne Fighter carrier (40 fighters, 3 small craft).
Vulture 3,500 2312 military spheroid These ships carried infantry and a limited number of light vehicles it main payload. They were known to be similar to what became the Seeker class that was based on the Vulture.
Black Eagle 4,500 2453 military spheroid Originally an armored vehicle carrier from before the advent of K-F booms, the design would eventually be refitted to carry 12 BattleMechs deployed through 2 doors, and a 520 ton cargo bay also accessible through 2 doors.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 BattleSpace rulebook, pp. 18–20
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 DropShips and JumpShips - Operations Manual, pp. 4–8
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 AeroTech 2, pp. 66–69
  4. DropShips and JumpShips - Operations Manual, pp. 20–22
  5. AeroTech 2, pp. 11, 37
  6. BattleSpace rulebook, p. 52
  7. BattleSpace rulebook, pp. 53–57
  8. JumpShips and DropShips, pp. 42–43
  9. BattleSpace rulebook, p. 37
  10. BattleSpace rulebook, pp. 57–62
  11. Technical Readout: 3026 Revised, p. 116: Production of the Cargomaster was canceled in the midst of the First Succession War; no more than 1 prototype was constructed

Bibliography[edit]