Difference between revisions of "Fusion engine"

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[[File:Color-mech-components-4.png|A fusion engine of a [[BattleMech]]|thumb|right|200px]]
 
[[File:Color-mech-components-4.png|A fusion engine of a [[BattleMech]]|thumb|right|200px]]
'''Fusion Engines''' are the most common type of [[BattleMech]] and [[aerospace]] power plant in the BattleTech Universe.  Fusion engines can supply great quantities of power, enough to power massive vehicles and all of their weapon systems, including [[Direct Energy|directed energy weapons]] common on the modern battlefield. Yet when no thrust is generated, fusion engines are so efficient, they practically never need refueling.  If properly ventilated, controlled fusion reactions generate little heat. There are several sub-types of fusion engines available as well, each trading bulk for mass of the components.
+
'''Fusion engines''' are the most common type of [[BattleMech]] and [[aerospace]] power plant in the BattleTech Universe.  Fusion engines can supply great quantities of power, enough for massive vehicles and all of their weapon systems, including the [[:Category:Energy Weapons|directed energy weapons]] common on modern battlefields. When no thrust is generated, fusion engines are extremely efficient, practically never needing refueling.  If properly ventilated, controlled fusion reactions generate little heat. There are several sub-types of fusion engines available as well, each trading bulk for mass of the components.
  
 
== Description ==
 
== Description ==
 
 
The fusion engine is capable of powering 'Mechs, Aerospace Fighters, and other vehicles. Fusion engines function by harnessing the power of a fusion reaction, as occurs in the core of the Sun. A BattleMech's fusion engine can usually last for decades on a few kilograms of hydrogen. Unlike the research reactors of the real world, a BattleMech's fusion engine runs on "light" hydrogen, protium, rather than hydrogen's heavier isotopes deuterium and tritium. <ref name=FaFF>''TechManual'', p. 35, "Fusion and Fusion Fuels"</ref>  
 
The fusion engine is capable of powering 'Mechs, Aerospace Fighters, and other vehicles. Fusion engines function by harnessing the power of a fusion reaction, as occurs in the core of the Sun. A BattleMech's fusion engine can usually last for decades on a few kilograms of hydrogen. Unlike the research reactors of the real world, a BattleMech's fusion engine runs on "light" hydrogen, protium, rather than hydrogen's heavier isotopes deuterium and tritium. <ref name=FaFF>''TechManual'', p. 35, "Fusion and Fusion Fuels"</ref>  
  
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In a BattleMech, the fusion engine resides in the center torso. It cannot be relocated elsewhere in the BattleMech, though certain types of engines may intrude into adjacent spaces within the structure.
 
In a BattleMech, the fusion engine resides in the center torso. It cannot be relocated elsewhere in the BattleMech, though certain types of engines may intrude into adjacent spaces within the structure.
  
Fusion engines, like other engines, are defined by their "engine rating". For 'Mechs, the engine rating is the mathematical product of the mass of the vehicle and its desired maximum walking or cruising velocity. Stated another way, a 'Mech's maximum walking momentum is directly proportional to engine rating. For instance,<br>
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Fusion engines, like other engines, are defined by their "engine rating". For 'Mechs, the engine rating is the mathematical product of the mass of the vehicle and its desired maximum walking or cruising velocity. Stated another way, a 'Mech's maximum walking momentum is directly proportional to engine rating. For instance, a 30-ton ''[[Spider]]'' BattleMech with a 240 [[Pitban]] fusion engine is able to generate the same maximum momentum as a 60-ton ''[[Merlin (BattleMech)|Merlin]]'' with the same engine, but because the ''Merlin's'' mass is twice that of the ''Spider'', the ''Spider'''s maximum velocity is twice that of the ''Merlin''.<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', pp. 106-107</ref><ref>''Technical Readout: 3058'', pp. 142-143</ref><br>
A 30-ton ''[[Spider]]'' BattleMech with a 240 [[Pitban]] Fusion Engine is able to generate the same maximum momentum of a 60-ton ''[[Merlin (BattleMech)|Merlin]]'' with the same engine, but because the ''Merlin'' masses twice the ''Spider'', the ''Spider'''s maximum velocity is twice that of the ''Merlin''.<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', pp. 106-107</ref><ref>''Technical Readout: 3058'', pp. 142-143</ref><br><br>
 
  
Combat Vehicles adjust engine rating calculation slightly based on motive suspension system.  Additionally, engine rating is ''not'' proportional to engine mass; engine mass increases ''exponentially'' depending upon rating<ref>Based on Microsoft(R) Excel(R) "trendline" analysis</ref>. This results in light, low-to-moderately rated engines massing a disproportionately small fraction of larger engines.  As a 'Mech's mass increases, a much larger proportion of the mass must be devoted to engine mass, or speed must be sacrificed.  For instance,<br>
+
Combat Vehicles adjust engine rating calculation slightly based on motive suspension system.  Additionally, engine rating is ''not'' proportional to engine mass; engine mass increases ''exponentially'' depending upon rating<ref>Based on Microsoft(R) Excel(R) "trendline" analysis</ref>. This results in light, low-to-moderately rated engines massing a disproportionately small fraction of larger engines.  As a 'Mech's mass increases, a much larger proportion of the mass must be devoted to engine mass, or speed must be sacrificed.  For instance, all of the following BattleMechs have the same maximum cruising (walking) velocity (43.2 km/h), but their varying mass means each 'Mech mounts a different engine.  BattleMech mass, engine rating, engine mass, and (engine mass)/(BattleMech mass) are listed for each example, and increase together: PNT-9R ''[[Panther]]'' (35, 140, 5, 14%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 115</ref>, WTH-1 ''[[Whitworth]]'' (40, 160, 6, 15%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 127</ref>, BJ-1 ''[[Blackjack (BattleMech)|Blackjack]]'' (45, 180, 7, 16%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 129</ref>, CN9-A ''[[Centurion (BattleMech)|Centurion]]'' (50, 200, 8.5, 17%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 133</ref>, MLN-1A ''[[Merlin (BattleMech)|Merlin]]'' (60, 240, 11.5, 19%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3058 Upgrade'', p. 143</ref>, CPLT-C1 ''[[Catapult]]'' (65, 260, 13.5, 21%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 147</ref>, GHR-5H ''[[Grasshopper]]'' (70, 280, 16, 23%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 151</ref>, ON1-K ''[[Orion]]'' (75, 300, 19, 25%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 153</ref>, VTR-9B ''[[Victor]]'' (80, 320, 22.5, 28%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 159</ref>, BLR-1G ''[[BattleMaster]]'' (85, 340, 27, 32%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 300</ref>, CP-10-Z ''[[Cyclops]]'' (90, 360, 33, 37%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 165</ref>, BNC-3E ''[[Banshee (BattleMech)|Banshee]]'' (95, 380, 41, 43%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 167</ref><br><br>
All of the following BattleMechs have the same maximum cruising (walking) velocity (43.2 kph), but their varying mass means each 'Mech mounts a different engine.  BattleMech mass, engine rating, engine mass, and (engine mass)/(BattleMech mass) are listed for each example, and increase together: PNT-9R ''[[Panther]]'' (35, 140, 5, 14%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 115</ref>, WTH-1 ''[[Whitworth]]'' (40, 160, 6, 15%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 127</ref>, BJ-1 ''[[Blackjack (BattleMech)|Blackjack]]'' (45, 180, 7, 16%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 129</ref>, CN9-A ''[[Centurion]]'' (50, 200, 8.5, 17%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 133</ref>, MLN-1A ''[[Merlin (BattleMech)|Merlin]]'' (60, 240, 11.5, 19%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3058 Upgrade'', p. 143</ref>, CPLT-C1 ''[[Catapult]]'' (65, 260, 13.5, 21%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 147</ref>, GHR-5H ''[[Grasshopper]]'' (70, 280, 16, 23%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 151</ref>, ON1-K ''[[Orion]]'' (75, 300, 19, 25%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 153</ref>, VTR-9B ''[[Victor]]'' (80, 320, 22.5, 28%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 159</ref>, BLR-1G ''[[BattleMaster]]'' (85, 340, 27, 32%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 300</ref>, CP-10-Z ''[[Cyclops]]'' (90, 360, 33, 37%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 165</ref>, BNC-3E ''[[Banshee]]'' (95, 380, 41, 43%)<ref>''Technical Readout: 3039'', p. 167</ref><br><br>
 
  
 
For 'Mechs, larger fusion engines allow larger maximum momenta.  But the inherent instability of bipedal locomotion requires a means to maintain balance and correct falls.  In order to maintain control, 'Mechs also mount [[Gyro]]s, which vary in size proportionally to engine rating.
 
For 'Mechs, larger fusion engines allow larger maximum momenta.  But the inherent instability of bipedal locomotion requires a means to maintain balance and correct falls.  In order to maintain control, 'Mechs also mount [[Gyro]]s, which vary in size proportionally to engine rating.
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Fusion engines usually will only shut down if damaged or if heat is uncontrolled. Unlike popular belief, there is absolutely no risk of a fusion engine accidentally becoming a nuclear weapon. <ref>''TechManual'', pp. 36-37, "Fusion Engine Explosions: The Great Myth"</ref> There have been a number of cases of fusion engines being "over revved" and exploding with devastating force, but this is more akin to a boiler explosion than a true nuclear explosion. More often a destroyed engine will be punctured by weapons fire. Because the plasma is held in a vacuum chamber (to isolate the superheated plasma from the cold walls of the reactor; contact with the walls would super-chill the plasma below fusion temperatures), a punctured reactor can suck in air where the air is superheated. Normal thermal expansion of the air causes the air to burst out in a brilliant lightshow often mistaken for a "nuclear explosion". This thermal expansion damages anything within 90 meters of the destroyed 'Mech.
 
Fusion engines usually will only shut down if damaged or if heat is uncontrolled. Unlike popular belief, there is absolutely no risk of a fusion engine accidentally becoming a nuclear weapon. <ref>''TechManual'', pp. 36-37, "Fusion Engine Explosions: The Great Myth"</ref> There have been a number of cases of fusion engines being "over revved" and exploding with devastating force, but this is more akin to a boiler explosion than a true nuclear explosion. More often a destroyed engine will be punctured by weapons fire. Because the plasma is held in a vacuum chamber (to isolate the superheated plasma from the cold walls of the reactor; contact with the walls would super-chill the plasma below fusion temperatures), a punctured reactor can suck in air where the air is superheated. Normal thermal expansion of the air causes the air to burst out in a brilliant lightshow often mistaken for a "nuclear explosion". This thermal expansion damages anything within 90 meters of the destroyed 'Mech.
  
Such dramatic failures are rare, though. It is difficult to sustain the fusion reaction and very easy to shut down. Safety systems or damage to containment coils will almost always shut down the engine before such an explosion occurs. The massive shielding of the engine (in the case of standard fusion engines, this is a tungsten carbide shell that accounts for over 2/3 of the weight of the engine) usually buys the safety systems the milliseconds needed to shutdown the engine when severe damage is inflicted.
+
Such dramatic failures are rare, though. It is difficult to sustain the fusion reaction and very easy to shut down. Safety systems or damage to containment coils will almost always shut down the engine before such an explosion occurs. The massive shielding of the engine (in the case of standard fusion engines, this is a tungsten carbide shell that accounts for over 2/3 of the weight of the engine) usually buys the safety systems the milliseconds needed to shut down the engine when severe damage is inflicted.
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
Fusion technology was achieved by the [[Western Alliance]] in [[2021]].<ref>''Tech Manual'', pp. 214-215, "Military-Standard Fusion Engines" & "Industrial Fission/Fusion Engines"</ref> Almost a century later, fusion technology had progressed to the point of using protium, the most abundant isotope of hydrogen.<ref name=FaFF/>
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Fusion technology was achieved by the [[Western Alliance]] in [[2021]].<ref>''TechManual'', pp. 214-215, "Military-Standard Fusion Engines" & "Industrial Fission/Fusion Engines"</ref> Almost a century later, fusion technology had progressed to the point of using protium, the most abundant isotope of hydrogen.<ref name=FaFF/>
  
Research into fusion engine technology has yielded improvements over the many centuries of BattleMech use. [[Fusion Engine - XL|Extralight Fusion Engines]], [[Fusion Engine - Light|Light Fusion Engines]], and [[Fusion Engine - Compact|Compact Fusion Engines]] are now available in addition to the Standard Military Fusion Engine.
+
Research into fusion engine technology has yielded improvements over the many centuries of BattleMech use. [[Light fusion engine|Light]], [[Extralight fusion engine|extralight]], and [[compact fusion engine]]s are now available, in addition to the standard military version.
  
 
==Brands==
 
==Brands==
Fusion Engines are produced under the following brand names:
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Fusion engines are produced under the following brand names:
 +
<div class="desktop-3-col">
 +
* [[Breen (Engines)|Breen]]
 
* [[Consolidated (Fusion Engines)|Consolidated]]
 
* [[Consolidated (Fusion Engines)|Consolidated]]
* [[Core Tek (Fusion Engines)|Core Tek]]
+
* [[Core Tek (Engines)|Core Tek]]
* [[DAV (Fusion Engines)|DAV]]
+
* [[DAV (Engines)|DAV]]
* [[GM (Fusion Engines)|GM]]
+
* [[Defiance (Engines)|Defiance]]
* [[Hermes (Fusion Engines)|Hermes]]
+
* [[Edasich Motors (Engines)|Edasich Motors]]
* [[LTV (Fusion Engines)|LTV]]
+
* [[Ford (Engines)|Ford]]
* [[Magna (Fusion Engines)|Magna]]
+
* [[Galas (Engines)|Galas]]
 +
* [[General Motors (Engines)|General Motors]]
 +
* [[GoreTex (Engines)|GoreTex]]
 +
* [[Hermes (Engines)|Hermes]]
 +
* [[LTV (Engines)|LTV]]
 +
* [[Magna (Engines)|Magna]]
 
* [[New Kent (Fusion Engines)|New Kent]]
 
* [[New Kent (Fusion Engines)|New Kent]]
* [[Nissan (Fusion Engines)|Nissan]]
+
* [[Nissan (Engines)|Nissan]]
* [[Omni (Fusion Engines)|Omni]]
+
* [[Omni (Engines)|Omni]]
* [[Pitban (Fusion Engines)|Pitban]]
+
* [[Pitban (Engines)|Pitban]]
* [[PlasmaStar (Fusion Engines)|PlasmaStar]]
+
* [[PlasmaStar (Engines)|PlasmaStar]]
* [[Rawlings (Fusion Engines)|Rawlings]]
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* [[Rawlings (Engines)|Rawlings]]
* [[Strand (Fusion Engines)|Strand]]
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* [[Strand (Engines)|Strand]]
* [[Shinobi (Fusion Engines)|Shinobi]]
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* [[Shinobi (Engines)|Shinobi]]
* [[Vlar (Fusion Engines)|Vlar]]
+
* [[Vlar (Engines)|Vlar]]
* [[VOX (Fusion Engines)|VOX]]
+
* [[VOX (Engines)|VOX]]
 +
* [[Warner (Engines)|Warner]]
 +
</div>
  
 
==Manufacturing==
 
==Manufacturing==
 +
Fusion engines are manufactured on the following planets:
  
Fusion Engine is manufactured on the following planets:
+
{| width='600' class='wikitable'
 
 
{| width='600'
 
 
! Brand
 
! Brand
 
! Planet
 
! Planet
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|-
 
|-
 
| 240 Standard
 
| 240 Standard
| [[Arcadia (Clan)|Arcadia]]
+
| [[Arcadia (Clan System)|Arcadia]]
 
| [[Arcadia BattleMech Plant CM-T4]]
 
| [[Arcadia BattleMech Plant CM-T4]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 300 XL
 
| 300 XL
| [[Arcadia (Clan)|Arcadia]]
+
| [[Arcadia (Clan System)|Arcadia]]
 
| [[Arcadia BattleMech Plant CM-T4]]
 
| [[Arcadia BattleMech Plant CM-T4]]
 
|-
 
|-
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|-
 
|-
 
| LTV 120
 
| LTV 120
| [[Ares (planet)|Ares]]
+
| [[Ares (system)|Ares]]
 
| [[Bergan Industries]]
 
| [[Bergan Industries]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| LTV 160
 
| LTV 160
| [[Ares (planet)|Ares]]
+
| [[Ares (system)|Ares]]
 
| [[Bergan Industries]]
 
| [[Bergan Industries]]
 
|-
 
|-
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|-
 
|-
 
| LTV 160
 
| LTV 160
| [[Ares (planet)|Ares]]
+
| [[Ares (system)|Ares]]
 
| [[Bergan Industries]]
 
| [[Bergan Industries]]
 
|-
 
|-
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| [[Terra]]
 
| [[Terra]]
 
| [[Skobel MechWorks]]
 
| [[Skobel MechWorks]]
 +
|-
 +
| Nissan 225
 +
| [[Panpour]]
 +
| [[Jalastar Aerospace]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Piker 180
 
| Piker 180
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| RT 190
 
| RT 190
 
| [[Terra]]
 
| [[Terra]]
| [[Matabushi Incorporated]]
+
| [[Millennium Industries]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Scarborough 140
 
| Scarborough 140
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| [[StarCorp Industries]]
 
| [[StarCorp Industries]]
 
|-
 
|-
| Type 275 Standart
+
| Type 275 Standard
 
| [[Tamaron]]
 
| [[Tamaron]]
 
| [[Ashton 'Mech Production Complex]]
 
| [[Ashton 'Mech Production Complex]]
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| [[Taurus]]
 
| [[Taurus]]
 
| [[Magna]]
 
| [[Magna]]
|-
 
| Warner 225
 
| [[Panpour]]
 
| [[Jalastar Aerospace]]
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Warner 225
 
| Warner 225
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|}
 
|}
  
{|
+
==Notes==
!Model
+
* This article refers to a common object and addresses the object as a common noun. The preferred term is "fusion engine" (except on section titles & table headings, where "Fusion Engine" is favored).
!Used by
 
|-
 
|MaxLift 215 Fusion <ref> 3039 p. 62 </ref>||DRILLSON HEAVY HOVER TANK IS (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Type 10 320 Fusion <ref> TRO Phoenix p. 70 </ref>||WARHAMMER IIC 4 IS (Mech)
 
|-
 
| Fusion 180 <ref> 3085 p. 134 </ref>||Zephyros infantry support vehicle clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|10 <ref> Milspecs </ref>||HARPY 4 Clan (Protomech)
 
|-
 
|145 Leenex Fusion <ref> 3039 p. 30 </ref>||J. EDGAR LIGHT HOVER TANK IS (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|160 Standard <ref> TRO 3060 p. 134 </ref>||SNOW FOX Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|165 Standard Fusion <ref> TRO 3075 p. 130 </ref>||Clan sM1 tank destroyer (vehicle)
 
|-
 
|200 Standard <ref> TRO 3060 p. 160 </ref>||URSUS Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|205 Shipil <ref> TRO 3067 p. 14 </ref>||GLAIVE MEDIUM TANK IS (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|210 GTEM Fusion <ref> TRO 3058U p. 68 </ref>||GALLEON LIGHT TANK IS (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|225 Fusion <ref> TRO 3067 p. 160 </ref>||СHAERONEA Clan (Fighter)
 
|-
 
|240 Fusion <ref> TRO 3067 p. 162 </ref>||ISSUS Clan (Fighter)
 
|-
 
|240 Standard <ref> TRO 3067 p. 120 </ref>||HELLFIRE Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|250 Fusion <ref> TRO 3067 p. 142 </ref>||LX-2 LANCE IS (Fighter)
 
|-
 
|255 Standard <ref> TRO 3067 p. 128 </ref>||BLOOD KITЕ Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|260 Standard <ref> TRO 3067 p. 166 </ref>||AMMON Clan (Fighter)
 
|-
 
|275 CoreTek Fusion <ref> TRO Phoenix p. 30 </ref>||SHADOW HAWK SHD-SD IS (Mech)
 
|-
 
|275 Standard <ref> TRO 3060 p. 162 </ref>||STOOPING HAWK Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|275 Standard <ref> Milspecs </ref>||STOOPING HAWK (F & G) Clan (Mech)
 
 
 
|-
 
|280 RFUM Fusion <ref> TRO 3058U p. 184 </ref>||GRIZZLY Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|285 Standard <ref> TRO 3060 p. 128 </ref>||HA1-O HAUPTMANN IS (Mech)
 
|-
 
|285 Standard <ref> Milspecs </ref>||HAUPTMANN (D & E) IS (Mech)
 
<ref> TRO 3067 p. 102 </ref>||VQR-2A VANQUISHER IS (Mech
 
|-
 
|36 <ref> Milspecs </ref>||HYDRA 4 Clan (Protomech)
 
|-
 
|36 Fusion <ref> TRO 3075 p. 154 </ref>||Clan orc (proto mech)
 
|-
 
|45 <ref> TRO 3075 p. 160 </ref>||Clan basilisk (proto mech)
 
|-
 
|45 <ref> Milspecs </ref>||SATYR 4 Clan (Protomech)
 
|-
 
|45 <ref> Milspecs </ref>||SIREN 4&5 Clan (Protomech)
 
|-
 
|45 <ref> Milspecs </ref>||CENTAUR 4 Clan (Protomech)
 
|-
 
|45 <ref> Milspecs </ref>||MINOTAUR 4 Clan (Protomech)
 
|-
 
|45 Fusion <ref> TRO 3075 p. 156 </ref>||Clan procyon (proto mech)
 
|-
 
|45 Type CX Fusion <ref> TRO 3075 p. 152 </ref>||Clan cecerops (proto mech)
 
|-
 
|50 <ref> Milspecs </ref>||GORGON 4 Clan (Protomech)
 
|-
 
|50 <ref> TRO 3075 p. 162 </ref>||Clan triton (proto mech)
 
|-
 
|60 <ref> Milspecs </ref>||ROC 4 Clan (Protomech)
 
|-
 
|AA Eterna 300 <ref> TRO 3075 p. 278 </ref>||IS crs-6b crossbow (mech)
 
|-
 
|AeroFord 340 <ref> TRO 3050U p. 244 </ref>||rpr-100 Rapier (Fighter) IS
 
|-
 
|Allied 250 <ref> 3085 p. 300 </ref>||PHX-HK1 PHoeniX Hawk LAM MK I IS (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Bairn 75 <ref> TRO 3075 p. 164 </ref>||Clan delphyne (proto mech)
 
|-
 
|Bangkock 140 <ref> TRO 3050U p. 230 </ref>||Zro-114 Zero (Fighter) IS
 
|-
 
|Breen 190 Fusion <ref> TRO 3058U p. 106 </ref>||TYPHOON URBAN ASSAULT VEHICLE IS (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Clan Model XT4 Standard <ref> TRO 3060 p. 144 </ref>||URBANMECH IIC Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Clan Model XT4 Standard <ref> Milspecs </ref>||Urbanmech IIC Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Clan Standard 280 series <ref> TRO 3060 p. 172 </ref>||GUILLOTINE IIC Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Clan Standard 280 Series <ref> Milspecs </ref>||GUILLOTINE IIC 2 Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Coventry Motors 360 <ref> TRO 3075 p. 280 </ref>||IS bwp-2b ymir (mech)
 
|-
 
|Doorman 120 Fusion <ref> 3039 p. 22 </ref>||PACKRAT LONG RANGE PATROL VEHICLE IS (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Doorman 140 <ref> TRO 3058U p. 76 </ref>||HUNTER LIGHT SUPPORT TANK IS (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|edasich Compact 255 <ref> 3085 p. 264 </ref>||BLR-10s Battlemaster IS (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Edasich Compact 255 <ref> Milspecs </ref>|| BattleMaster BLR-10S IS (Mech)
 
|-
 
|edasich Motors 225 light <ref> 3085 p. 76 </ref>||Hct-7s Hatchetman IS (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Edasich Omni 25 Fusion <ref> 3039 p. 10 </ref>||SAVANNAH MASTER HOVERCRAFT IS (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fireball 12 <ref> TRO 3075 p. 150 </ref>||Clan erinyes (proto mech)
 
|-
 
|Firebox 200 <ref> 3085 p. 274 </ref>||Griffin iic 6 Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Fireheart 180 Fusion <ref> TRO 3058U p. 84 </ref>||GOBLIN INFANTRY TANK IS (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 100 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 44 </ref>||ANHUR TRANSPORT Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 100 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 44 </ref>||ANHUR TRANSPORT Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 110 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 62 </ref>||ISHTAR HEAVY FIRE SUPPORT TANK Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 110 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 62 </ref>||ISHTAR HEAVY FIRE SUPPORT TANK Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 110 <ref> TRO 3067 p. 30 </ref>||HEPHAESTUS SCOUT TANK Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 140 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 38 </ref>||ODIN SCOUT TANK Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 140 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 38 </ref>||ODIN SCOUT TANK Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 150 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 42 </ref>||MITHRAS LIGHT TANK Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 150 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 42 </ref>||MITHRAS LIGHT TANK Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 150 Standard <ref> TRO 3060 p. 136 </ref>||COMMANDO IIC Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 155 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 46 </ref>||INDRA INFANTRY TRANSPORT Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 155 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 46 </ref>||INDRA INFANTRY TRANSPORT Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 160 Standard <ref> TRO 3060 p. 152 </ref>||CORVIS Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 160 Standard <ref> Milspecs </ref>||CORVIS 2 Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 175 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 48 </ref>||SVANTOVIT INFANTRY FIGHTING VEHICLE Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 175 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 48 </ref>||SVANTOVIT INFANTRY FIGHTING VEHICLE Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 180 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 58 </ref>||KU WHEELED ASSAULT TANK Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 180 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 58 </ref>||KU WHEELED ASSAULT TANK Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 195 Mk. VI, Mod. 3 <ref> Milspecs </ref>||Rifleman IIC 5 IS (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 195 Mk. VI, Mod. 3 <ref> TRO Phoenix p. 66 </ref>||RIFLEMAN IIC 3 IS (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 200 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 68 </ref>||MARS ASSAULT TANK Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 200 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 56 </ref>||HACHIMAN FIRE SUPPORT TANK Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 200 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 52 </ref>||ARES MEDIUM TANK Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 200 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 52 </ref>||ARES MEDIUM TANK Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 200 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 56 </ref>||HACHIMAN FIRE SUPPORT TANK Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 200 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 68 </ref>||MARS ASSAULT TANK Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 200 Standard <ref> 3085 p. 272 </ref>||Locust iic 7 Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 200 Standard <ref> TRO Phoenix p. 60 </ref>||LOCUST IIC 4 IS (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 215 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 54 </ref>||EPONA PURSUIT TANK Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 215 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 54 </ref>||EPONA PURSUIT TANK Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 225 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 64 </ref>||ATHENA COMBAT VEHICLE Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 225 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 64 </ref>||ATHENA COMBAT VEHICLE Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 225 Standard <ref> TRO 3067 p. 114 </ref>||PINION Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 240 <ref> TRO 3067 p. 38 </ref>||MORRIGU FIRE SUPPORT VEHICLE Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 240 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 60 </ref>||ORO HEAVY TANK Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 240 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 60 </ref>||ORO HEAVY TANK Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 240 Mk. V <ref> TRO 3055U p. 116 </ref>||GALAHAD 6 Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 255 <ref> Milspecs </ref>||THUNDER STALLION 3 Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 255 Standard <ref> TRO 3060 p. 180 </ref>||THUNDER STALLION Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 260 <ref> TRO 3067 p. 36 </ref>||SHODEN Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 260 Standard <ref> TRO 3060 p. 168 </ref>||FIRE SCORPION Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 260 Standard <ref> Milspecs </ref>||FIRE SCORPION 3 Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 270 Standard <ref> TRO 3060 p. 184 </ref>||HIGHLANDER IIC Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 270 Standard <ref> Milspecs </ref>||HIGHLANDER IIC 2 Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 340 Standard <ref> TRO 3067 p. 168 </ref>||XERXES Clan (Fighter)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 50 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 40 </ref>||DONAR ASSAULT HELICOPTER Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 50 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 40 </ref>||DONAR ASSAULT HELICOPTER Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 60 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 34 </ref>||SHAMASH RECONNAISSANCE VEHICLE Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 95 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 36 </ref>||ASSHUR ARTILLERY SPOTTER Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion 95 Cruising Speed: 97 kph <ref> TRO 3060 p. 36 </ref>||ASSHUR ARTILLERY SPOTTER Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Fusion Standard 180 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 156 </ref>|| Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Fusion Standard 180 <ref> Milspecs </ref>||WYVERN IIC 2 IS (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Fusion Standard 250 Mk. IX <ref> TRO 3060 p. 158 </ref>||STALKING SPIDER Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Fusion Type 170 <ref> TRO 3075 p. 128 </ref>||Clan bellona hoVer tank (vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Galas 70 Micro-Fusion <ref> TRO 3060 p. 10 </ref>||MANTIS LIGHT ATTACK VTOL IS (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|GoreTex 240 Fusion <ref> 3039 p. 90 </ref>||SCHREK PPC CARRIER IS (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|goretex 255 Fusion <ref> 3085 p. 46 </ref>||Trajan assault Infantry Fighting Vehicle IS (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Heavy Force 300 (Standard) <ref> TRO 3060 p. 176 </ref>||ORION IIC Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Immortus 300 Compact Fusion <ref> TRO 3075 p. 92 </ref>||IS c-ang-o archangel (mech)
 
|-
 
|Imstar-C 150 Turbine <ref> 3039 p. 180 </ref>||DEFENDER MEDIUM STRIKE FIGHTER IS (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|JES 15 Fusion <ref> TRO 3075 p. 56 </ref>||IS jes i tactical Missile carrier (vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Leenex 60 <ref name=BTC114>''The BattleTech Compendium'', p. 114</ref><ref> 3039 p. 108 </ref>||UM-R60 IS (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Leenex 60 <ref name=BTC114/><ref> TRO 3050U p. 22 </ref>||UM-R63 UrbanMech (Mech) IS
 
|-
 
|Leenex 140 <ref name=BTC114/><ref> 3039 p. 114 </ref>||PNT-9R PANTHER IS (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Leenex 230 <ref name=BTC114/>
 
|-
 
|Leenex 335 <ref name=BTC114/>
 
|-
 
|Light Force (Standard) 210 <ref> TRO 3060 p. 142 </ref>||PACK HUNTER Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|LightForce 210 <ref> TRO 3055U p. 110 </ref>|| Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Lockheed 70 Micro-Fusion <ref> TRO 3058U p. 58 </ref>||WARRIOR H8 ATTACK HELICOPTER IS (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Mk XI 250 Standard <ref> Milspecs </ref>||STALKING SPIDER 3 Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Model SF-3 (Standard) <ref> TRO 3060 p. 170 </ref>||HA OTOKO Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Olympus 240 <ref> TRO 3075 p. 302 </ref>||IS Vlc-5n Vulcan (aero)
 
|-
 
|PowerTech 165 Highlift <ref> TRO 3058U p. 92 </ref>||MAXIM HOVERTANK IS (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Powertech 165 Highlift Fusion <ref> 3085 p. 28 </ref>||Maxim MK II Transport IS (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Railings 300 Fusion <ref> TRO Phoenix p. 34 </ref>||OSR-4L OSTROC IS (Mech)
 
|-
 
|RFUM 225 Standard <ref> TRO 3060 p. 154 </ref>||GREAT WYRM Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|RFUM 225 Standard <ref> Milspecs </ref>||GREAT WYRM 2 Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Robinson 160 Fuse-Pak Fusion <ref> TRO 3060 p. 16 </ref>||PINTO ATTACK VTOL IS (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|RT 190 Fusion <ref> TRO 3060 p. 18 </ref>||CHEVALIER LIGHT TANK IS (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Scarborough 105 Fusion <ref> TRO 3058U p. 78 </ref>||PEGASUS SCOUT HOVERTANK IS (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Standard 165 Fusion <ref> TRO 3067 p. 164 </ref>||TYRE Clan (Fighter)
 
|-
 
|Star League Standard 360 <ref> TRO 3058U p. 188 </ref>||KINGFISHER Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Stark 55 <ref> TRO 3075 p. 158 </ref>||Clan chrysaor (proto mech)
 
|-
 
|Type 10 320 Fusion <ref> Milspecs </ref>||Warhammer IIC 5 IS (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Type 170 Fusion <ref> TRO 3067 p. 32 </ref>||TYR Infantry Support Tank Clan (Vehicle)
 
|-
 
|Type 275 Standard Fusion <ref> TRO 3067 p. 118 </ref>||RABID COYOTE Clan (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Warner 240J <ref> 3039 p. 196 </ref>||SPR-H5 SPARROWHAWK IS (Fighter)
 
|-
 
|Warner 270M Fusion <ref> Milspecs </ref>||PXH-5L Phoenix Hawk IS (Mech)
 
|-
 
|Warner 270M Fusion <ref> TRO Phoenix p. 24 </ref>||PXH-4L PHOENIX HAWK IS (Mech)
 
|-
 
|WAS 195 <ref> 3039 p. 208 </ref>||LCF-R15 LUCIFER IS (Fighter)
 
|-
 
|WAS 280 <ref> 3085 p. 116 </ref>||Mr-1s Morgenstern IS (Fighter)
 
|}
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
Line 646: Line 356:
 
*''[[TechManual]]''
 
*''[[TechManual]]''
 
*''[[Technical Readout: 3050]]''
 
*''[[Technical Readout: 3050]]''
 +
  
 
[[Category:Technology]]
 
[[Category:Technology]]
[[Category:Engines]]
+
[[Category:Engines|Engine, Fusion 000 Engine]]

Latest revision as of 18:03, 30 August 2023

A fusion engine of a BattleMech

Fusion engines are the most common type of BattleMech and aerospace power plant in the BattleTech Universe. Fusion engines can supply great quantities of power, enough for massive vehicles and all of their weapon systems, including the directed energy weapons common on modern battlefields. When no thrust is generated, fusion engines are extremely efficient, practically never needing refueling. If properly ventilated, controlled fusion reactions generate little heat. There are several sub-types of fusion engines available as well, each trading bulk for mass of the components.

Description[edit]

The fusion engine is capable of powering 'Mechs, Aerospace Fighters, and other vehicles. Fusion engines function by harnessing the power of a fusion reaction, as occurs in the core of the Sun. A BattleMech's fusion engine can usually last for decades on a few kilograms of hydrogen. Unlike the research reactors of the real world, a BattleMech's fusion engine runs on "light" hydrogen, protium, rather than hydrogen's heavier isotopes deuterium and tritium. [1]

Fusion engines are able to generate a great deal of heat. Simply moving the vehicle creates heat, though this is often a small amount. Though heat can negatively affect the vehicle's pilot or even the vehicle itself, a well-ventilated fusion engine is far less dangerous than the bleed-heat generated by charging and/or firing weapons, especially lasers and particle weapons.

In a BattleMech, the fusion engine resides in the center torso. It cannot be relocated elsewhere in the BattleMech, though certain types of engines may intrude into adjacent spaces within the structure.

Fusion engines, like other engines, are defined by their "engine rating". For 'Mechs, the engine rating is the mathematical product of the mass of the vehicle and its desired maximum walking or cruising velocity. Stated another way, a 'Mech's maximum walking momentum is directly proportional to engine rating. For instance, a 30-ton Spider BattleMech with a 240 Pitban fusion engine is able to generate the same maximum momentum as a 60-ton Merlin with the same engine, but because the Merlin's mass is twice that of the Spider, the Spider's maximum velocity is twice that of the Merlin.[2][3]

Combat Vehicles adjust engine rating calculation slightly based on motive suspension system. Additionally, engine rating is not proportional to engine mass; engine mass increases exponentially depending upon rating[4]. This results in light, low-to-moderately rated engines massing a disproportionately small fraction of larger engines. As a 'Mech's mass increases, a much larger proportion of the mass must be devoted to engine mass, or speed must be sacrificed. For instance, all of the following BattleMechs have the same maximum cruising (walking) velocity (43.2 km/h), but their varying mass means each 'Mech mounts a different engine. BattleMech mass, engine rating, engine mass, and (engine mass)/(BattleMech mass) are listed for each example, and increase together: PNT-9R Panther (35, 140, 5, 14%)[5], WTH-1 Whitworth (40, 160, 6, 15%)[6], BJ-1 Blackjack (45, 180, 7, 16%)[7], CN9-A Centurion (50, 200, 8.5, 17%)[8], MLN-1A Merlin (60, 240, 11.5, 19%)[9], CPLT-C1 Catapult (65, 260, 13.5, 21%)[10], GHR-5H Grasshopper (70, 280, 16, 23%)[11], ON1-K Orion (75, 300, 19, 25%)[12], VTR-9B Victor (80, 320, 22.5, 28%)[13], BLR-1G BattleMaster (85, 340, 27, 32%)[14], CP-10-Z Cyclops (90, 360, 33, 37%)[15], BNC-3E Banshee (95, 380, 41, 43%)[16]

For 'Mechs, larger fusion engines allow larger maximum momenta. But the inherent instability of bipedal locomotion requires a means to maintain balance and correct falls. In order to maintain control, 'Mechs also mount Gyros, which vary in size proportionally to engine rating.

Fusion engines usually will only shut down if damaged or if heat is uncontrolled. Unlike popular belief, there is absolutely no risk of a fusion engine accidentally becoming a nuclear weapon. [17] There have been a number of cases of fusion engines being "over revved" and exploding with devastating force, but this is more akin to a boiler explosion than a true nuclear explosion. More often a destroyed engine will be punctured by weapons fire. Because the plasma is held in a vacuum chamber (to isolate the superheated plasma from the cold walls of the reactor; contact with the walls would super-chill the plasma below fusion temperatures), a punctured reactor can suck in air where the air is superheated. Normal thermal expansion of the air causes the air to burst out in a brilliant lightshow often mistaken for a "nuclear explosion". This thermal expansion damages anything within 90 meters of the destroyed 'Mech.

Such dramatic failures are rare, though. It is difficult to sustain the fusion reaction and very easy to shut down. Safety systems or damage to containment coils will almost always shut down the engine before such an explosion occurs. The massive shielding of the engine (in the case of standard fusion engines, this is a tungsten carbide shell that accounts for over 2/3 of the weight of the engine) usually buys the safety systems the milliseconds needed to shut down the engine when severe damage is inflicted.

History[edit]

Fusion technology was achieved by the Western Alliance in 2021.[18] Almost a century later, fusion technology had progressed to the point of using protium, the most abundant isotope of hydrogen.[1]

Research into fusion engine technology has yielded improvements over the many centuries of BattleMech use. Light, extralight, and compact fusion engines are now available, in addition to the standard military version.

Brands[edit]

Fusion engines are produced under the following brand names:

Manufacturing[edit]

Fusion engines are manufactured on the following planets:

Brand Planet Company
240 Standard Arcadia Arcadia BattleMech Plant CM-T4
300 XL Arcadia Arcadia BattleMech Plant CM-T4
Breen 190 Panpour Jalastar Aerospace
DAV 220 Keystone Earthwerks Incorporated
Defiance 120 Tharkad Defiance Motors
Defiance 160 Tharkad Defiance Motors
Doorman 120 Carlisle Bergan Industries
Doorman 130 Carlisle Bergan Industries
Doorman 140 Carlisle Bergan Industries
Fireheart 180 New Syrtis Johnston Industries
Fusion 140 Irece Barcella Beta
Fusion 260 Irece Barcella Beta
Galas Lightpower 80 Ruchbah Michaelson Heavy Industries
GoreTex 240 Betelgeuse Aldis Industries
GoreTex 240 New Samarkand New Samarkand Metals
GoreTex 240 Terra Aldis Industries
GoreTex 240 Loyalty Kallon Industries
GTEM 210 Andurien Bergan Industries
GTEM 210 Irian Bergan Industries
GTEM 210 Kendall Bergan Industries
Hermes 100 Wernke Kallon Industries
Hermes 120 Sian Hellespont 'Mech Works
InterFus 155 Johnsondale Valiant Vehicles
InterFus 260 Johnsondale Valiant Vehicles
Leenex 140 Luthien Luthien Armor Works
Light Force 210 Huntress Abysmal Manufacturing Complex
Lockheed 105 Micro-Fusion Tharkad Lockheed-CBM Corporation
LTV 120 Ares Bergan Industries
LTV 160 Ares Bergan Industries
LTV 160 New Avalon Achernar BattleMechs
LTV 160 Canopus IV Majesty Metals and Manufacturing
LTV 160 Perdition Pinard Protectorates Limited
LTV 160 Taurus Taurus Territorial Industries
LTV 160 Ares Bergan Industries
LTV 160 New Avalon Achernar BattleMechs
Manatwist 300 Chatham Wakazashi Enterprises
Model SF-3 260 Strato Domingo Auxiliary Production Site 4
Nissan 120 Praxton Praxton Fusion Products Limited
Nissan 160 Praxton Praxton Fusion Products Limited
Nissan 175 Praxton Praxton Fusion Products Limited
Nissan 175 Terra Skobel MechWorks
Nissan 200 Kagoshima Nissan General Industries
Nissan 200 Robinson Robinson Standard BattleWorks
Nissan 200 Kalidasa Kali Yama Weapons Industries Incorporated
Nissan 200 New Earth New Earth Trading Company
Nissan 220 Kagoshima Nissan General Industries
Nissan 220 Terra Skobel MechWorks
Nissan 225 Panpour Jalastar Aerospace
Piker 180 Nirasaki New Age Systems Incorporated
PlasmaStar 270 Axton Wangker Aerospace
Rawlings 140 Sian Saroyan Special Projects
Rawlings 200 Capella Ceres Metals Industries
Rawlings 200 Tikonov Earthwerks Incorporated
Rawlings 200 St. Ives Tengo Aerospace
Rawlings 200 Sarna Tengo Aerospace
Rawlings 225 Epsilon Eridani Kressly Warworks
Rawlings 300 Sian Saroyan Special Projects
Robinson 160 Fuse-Pak Robinson Robinson Standard BattleWorks
RT 190 Terra Millennium Industries
Scarborough 140 Al Na'ir Scarborough Manufacturers
Strand 255 Crofton StarCorp Industries
Strand 255 Shiro III Irian BattleMechs Unlimited
Strand 255 Loburg StarCorp Industries
Type 275 Standard Tamaron Ashton 'Mech Production Complex
Vlar 300 Luthien Luthien Armor Works
Vlar 300 Wernke Kallon Industries
Vlar 300 Gibson Gibson Federated BattleMechs - (Free Worlds Defense Industries)
Vlar 300 Edasich Edasich Motors
Warner 200 Praxton Praxton Fusion Products Limited
Warner 200 Taurus Magna
Warner 225 Taurus Magna

Notes[edit]

  • This article refers to a common object and addresses the object as a common noun. The preferred term is "fusion engine" (except on section titles & table headings, where "Fusion Engine" is favored).

References[edit]

  1. 1.0 1.1 TechManual, p. 35, "Fusion and Fusion Fuels"
  2. Technical Readout: 3039, pp. 106-107
  3. Technical Readout: 3058, pp. 142-143
  4. Based on Microsoft(R) Excel(R) "trendline" analysis
  5. Technical Readout: 3039, p. 115
  6. Technical Readout: 3039, p. 127
  7. Technical Readout: 3039, p. 129
  8. Technical Readout: 3039, p. 133
  9. Technical Readout: 3058 Upgrade, p. 143
  10. Technical Readout: 3039, p. 147
  11. Technical Readout: 3039, p. 151
  12. Technical Readout: 3039, p. 153
  13. Technical Readout: 3039, p. 159
  14. Technical Readout: 3039, p. 300
  15. Technical Readout: 3039, p. 165
  16. Technical Readout: 3039, p. 167
  17. TechManual, pp. 36-37, "Fusion Engine Explosions: The Great Myth"
  18. TechManual, pp. 214-215, "Military-Standard Fusion Engines" & "Industrial Fission/Fusion Engines"

Bibliography[edit]